Data and Methods

The study adopted both cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis to:

Assess the profile of offenders issued with alcohol treatment/abstinence orders and for whom these are effective.
Compare whether those given alcohol treatment/abstinence orders fare better than those who do not receive such (e.g., for similar offence and demographic profiles).

As well as examining successful completion of alcohol treatment/abstinence orders (as a measure of formal compliance), success was evaluated based on three related proxy reoffending outcome measures, as a measure of substantive compliance. The proxy reoffending measures comprised a binary indicator (prevalence) and count (incidence) of reappearances before court (because there was no information on crimes that were not detected and proceeded against) as well as a duration variable capturing the time elapsed to any such reappearance.[1]

Analyses comprised descriptive interrogation of the data as well as bivariate tests and regression modelling (including logistic and negative binomial regression as well as event history analysis).[2]

Data sources

This study deployed three datasets:

Magistrates’ courts defendant data

The magistrates’ courts defendant data comprised an extract from the magistrates’ courts management information system (Libra) for January 2011 to December 2020 (based on appearance date). They captured adults and young people appearing as defendants before the magistrates’ courts in England and Wales. The data file was structured with one record per defendant per case: that is, defendants who have appeared twice in different cases before the magistrates’ courts featured twice in the data. The magistrates’ courts data comprised 13,433,308 cases relating to 6,341,591 distinct defendants.

Probation data

Probation data comprised an extract from a system used for the management of offenders subject to probation supervision (National Delius (nDelius)) for 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2020 (based on the referral date; n=1,873,228 offender events). These data captured adults under supervision of the probation service in England and Wales while serving a community sentence or released from prison on licence or parole. The main Probation data file contained information on offender characteristics, the type of offending and the type of disposals given (disposal_type_description) as well as details of recalls.[3] This data file was structured with one record per offender-event with information about offender characteristics, offence and disposal types to which additional data about any community requirements[4] could be appended.[5]

The main Probation data file could be linked with a requirements data file which contained information about requirements attached to an offender's sentence[6], including details of alcohol related treatment and/or abstinence requirements.[7] Probation data (with linked requirements for the same people).

The requirements file provided detail on each requirement per person-event in long format, so each row related to an aspect of the probation order (e.g., one for curfew, and another for supervision relating to the same event). For further matching with magistrates’ court data, the data were thus transformed into wide format, so each row represented one person-event and the columns features of the probation supervision requirements before joining to the main Probation data file.

This returned a data set with multiple requirements per each offender-event n=1,546,184 for further analysis in this study.[8] ,[9]

Linked criminal courts, prison and probation dataset

This linking dataset can be used in conjunction with other datasets shared as part of the Data First Project to join up information from across the justice system (courts, prisons, probation). Records relating to individual justice system users can be linked using unique identifiers provided for people involved. It acts as a lookup to identify where records in other datasets are believed to relate to the same person, using the probabilistic record linkage package, Splink (Linacre et al., 2022).

The above three datasets accessed for this study were provided by the UK Ministry of Justice (MoJ) and held on the Secure Research Service. These were accessed for further analysis by the author in an Office for National Statistics (ONS) approved safe setting. The data was not originally collected for the purposes of this research study, rather comprised administrative data from probation and criminal court records.[10]

Court and probation data linkage

Both the magistrates’ courts and probation datasets had been deduplicated using the open-source statistical Splink software upon receipt. The deduplication process allowed the author to identify which defendants had re-entered the criminal courts or probation caseload more than once by establishing defendant records that were believed to belong to the same person, using a probabilistic linkage method.

Records in the two datasets could be linked at the individual level by the Criminal courts, prison and probation linking dataset. This file acted as a lookup table to identify where records in the criminal courts datasets likely refer to the same people in the probation dataset.[11] This allowed for the identification of repeat appearances before the magistrates’ court to be investigated.

Having previously prepared the probation data by linking the probation flat file and requirements datasets (see Lightowlers 2024a), the ambition was to link person-events of probation supervision back to cases in the magistrates’ courts data. That is, to match one court case to one associated period of probation supervision where this was part of any resulting sentence.

However, the existing linking dataset could not facilitate the linking of cases within people across the probation and criminal courts datasets. Rather linking information was only available at the person level.[12] This could be used to join records based on the unique person ID and resulted in joining all probation records relating to that person (as opposed to all records relating to a case).

As a way around this, a matching approach was adopted whereby the magistrates’ courts and probation data were matched based on the unique person ID as well as the offence date (main_offence_date in the probation data and offence_date in the magistrates’ courts data).[13] This yielded a linked person-events[14] datafile and resulted in a cohort of probation service users with matched records in the magistrates’ courts data for further analysis.[15]

The steps taken to achieve the above outlined matching are detailed in Lightowlers (2024b)[16] and summarised briefly here.

First the magistrates’ courts and probation data files were opened. Linking information from the Magistrates’ courts, probation and criminal courts, prison, probation linking dataset was appended to the magistrates’ courts data. Keeping only unique appearances in the magistrates’ courts data, probation data was then linked based on the person identifier as well as the offence date to allow for cases within people to be returned. This produces a dataset (n=9,657,787, comprising records for 6,030,725 unique defendants) with all magistrates’ courts data entries and corresponding probation detail where the person is the same. Data were then sub-setted to include only those with probation records and to remove invalid or historical offence dates[17] resulted in a final dataset comprising 1,188,349 records, with n=647,559 unique defendant-events with which to pursue further longitudinal analysis. Linking these datasets allowed re-presentations before the magistrates’ courts to be identified which served as a proxy measure of reoffending (see dependent variables below).

Independent variables

Court mandated alcohol treatment or abstinence orders were identified in the probation requirements data file in the form of a binary presence/absence indicator for ATRs (residential or non-residential) and Alcohol Abstinence and Monitoring Requirements (AAMRs).

Dependent variables

The impact of AAMRs and Alcohol Treatment Requirements (ATRs) were assessed seperately using four key outcome measures. These measures comprised successful completion of a requirement (as a measure of formal compliance) as well as three substantive compliance measures proxying for reoffending prevalence, reoffending incidence and duration until reoffending (as measures of substantive compliance).

The former formal compliance comprised a measure within the probation records identifying those who had successfully completed their requirement (to contrast against those who had not).[18]

Having linked the magistrates’ court and probation data, it was possible to examine whether and how long after referral to probation before an individual came back before the courts again (court reappearances), as a proxy for reoffending.[19] The three proxying reoffending measures within the available observation window (1 January 2014 to 31 December 2020) thus comprised:

A binary (prevalence) measure of reoffending. Namely, whether a person reoffended following the initial probation order or not.
A count (incidence) measure of reoffending. Namely, the number of times a person reoffended following the initial probation order.
A duration (time) measure counting how many days elapsed between commencing the current order with probation and any subsequent offence.

For a subset of unique cases (based on unique instances of case_id_hash in the probation data, n=1,096,966)), a (binary) identifier of whether an individual reappeared in court for a subsequent offence[20] was derived by identifying all those in the probation data that have a record in the court data where the offence date (in the magistrates’ courts data) is greater than the initial referral date to probation. When considering a subset of unique offenders (n=647,599), this resulted in 26.32% (n=170,459) of the probation case load having come before the courts again for a later offence during the study period.

For the same subsample (n=647,559), it was also possible to calculate how many times an individual reappeared before the courts for subsequent offences following a referral to probation. Overall, this ranged between 0 and 65 re-appearances (mean=0.610, median=0).

And the time (in days) elapsed between an original probation referral and any subsequent further offence.[21] This resulted in values for n=40,1261 cases (for the full set of repeated data for individuals (n=1,096,966)) spanning a range of 1 to 2,500 days (mean=390 days (just over a year), median=235 days (nearly 8 months)). This information could later be used to calculate follow up times to use in EHA, where the maximum of 2,535 days relates to the full study duration and can be analysed alongside whether any further offence was observed in a survival object outcome within the subsample of unique individuals (n=647,559).

It was considered important to triangulate findings across the outcome measures owing to non-linear reoffending and heterogeneous recovery trajectories (see, Gormley et al., 2022; EMCDDA, 2013; Witkiewitz et al., 2020).

Control variables

The probation and magistrates’ court datasets included pertinent granular information about the offender and their offending (type) including demographic information about their age, gender, and ethnicity which could be used to disaggregate characteristics of those receiving AAMRs and ATRs as well as control variables in the modelling.

Age and sex

An indication of individuals’ age at the time of offending and their sex was available in the probation data and used to control for these well-established covariates associated with offending behaviour.

Ethnicity

As criminal justice interactions and outcomes are known to vary by ethnic group (Lammy, 2017) it was deemed appropriate to control for this. Whilst the probation data file contained information on defendants classifying their ethnic groups into the ‘18+1 Standard’ categories used to indicate either self-defined or observed ethnicity (HM Government, 2020).[22] Owing to small counts when disaggregating alcohol-related requirements by ethnic group (and other defendant characteristics), this variable was recoded into a dichotomous indicator of those who identified as ‘White’ (which comprised the majority of cases; 83.44%) and all other ethnic identities combined (which comprised 16.56% of the sample).

Deprivation

As per the approach adopted by Jackson et al. (2022), deciles of the English Indices of Deprivation 2019 were appended to the Probation data using the Lower-layer Super Output Area (LSOA) of where an offender lives, to control for the socio-economic contexts in which they reside.[23] A decile of 1 represents the most deprived 10% of areas and 10 represents the least deprived 10% of areas.

Whilst the magistrates’ court and probation data cover both England and Wales, these jurisdictions do not share the same indicators of deprivation, which precludes direct comparisons. In this study Welsh cases are thus excluded from analyses including deprivation deciles. In practice, this means these are dropped from the statistical modelling although retained in general descriptive and bivariate interrogation of the data. Whilst national roll out of the AAMR was introduced before England and within the study period (from March 2020), less than ten percent (8.8% n=174) of AAMRs issued were issued in Wales and so this approach was deemed pragmatic on this occasion.

Alcohol-defined offences

For the purposes of this study, it was of potential value to identify alcohol-related crimes, to ascertain whether court-enforced alcohol orders impacted upon alcohol-related offending specifically. However, such an identifier was not available in either the probation or magistrates’ court datasets. In the absence of such an indicator, offences were instead separated out as alcohol-defined offences to contrast against other offences that were not (see Lightowlers 2024a). In the statistical modelling it was considered important to control for whether offences were alcohol-defined or not, as otherwise results may have merely implied that those involved in alcohol-defined crimes were more likely to reoffend.

This was done by searching the Home Office (2022) offence group classification descriptors for stem words ("drink", "drunk", "alcohol", "influence of", "intox") in the text (Detailed_offence) and then identifying the relevant offence codes (Offence_code) which were then used to derive a new variable giving a binary [0/1] indication as to whether these offences were alcohol-defined or not, based on the presence of such stem words in the description.[24]

Using this method, 123 offence codes were classified as alcohol-defined.[i] In the probation case load 83,277 cases were identified as being related to alcohol-defined offences (see Table 1).

Table 1: Alcohol-defined offences in probation requirements caseload

Alcohol defined offences	Number (%)
Not alcohol defined	1,333,400 (86.2%)
Alcohol defined	83,277 (5.4%)
Missing	129,507 (8.4%)
Total	1,546,184

Offence group classification

Detailed offence category codes were available in the probation data, but comprised a possible 200 offence codes in the joined data file[ii]. In government publications, such as the Criminal Justice Quarterly statistics publication (informed by the court proceedings database), offences are commonly grouped into 12 offence groups and an additional group where offence is not known, based on Home Office (2022) offence codes. These offence groups are as follows:

Violence against the person
Sexual offences
Robbery
Theft offences
Criminal damage and arson
Drug offences
Possession of weapons
Public order offences
Miscellaneous crimes against society
Fraud offences
Summary non-motoring[25]
Summary motoring
Not known

Deploying this classification assists in making broad comparisons with findings published elsewhere and the offence types to which they refer. As such, the Home Office (2022) offence classification file was used as a lookup file from which to match mo_codes in the probation data file (see Lightowlers 2024a).[26]

Owing to changing codes and classifications over the study period (2014-2020), and the lookup table pertaining to 2022, not all events/cases were allocated an offence classification. As such, 129,507 cases (8.4%) were subsequently missing a Home Office offence classification.[27]

To avoid small numbers in some offence classifications - for example, in further analyses broken down by whether an AAMR or ATR was attached to a sentence, offence type categories were aggregated. Fraud offences were added to theft offences. And possession of weapon and robbery offences were added to violence against the person offences. Further, those crimes for which the offence classification was ‘not known’ (n=21,525 (1.39%)) were recoded as missing. This results in the distribution highlighted in Table 2.

Table 2: Probation requirements caseload (2014-2020) by final offence classification

	Number (%)
Criminal damage and arson	4085 (0.3%)
Drug offences	98915 (6.4%)
Theft offences (incl. fraud)	260508 (16.8%)
Miscellaneous crimes against society	79475 (5.1%)
Violence against the person (incl. robbery and possession of weapons)	191817 (12.4%)
Public order offences	58797 (3.8%)
Sexual offences	20783 (1.3%)
Summary motoring	154415 (10.0%)
Summary non-motoring	526357 (34.0%)
Missing	151032 (9.8%)
Total	1,546,184

Analytical strategy

Descriptive statistics were used to report the prevalence and incidence of alcohol-related treatment and abstinence requirements within the probation caseload and to compare these by crime type (as well as separating out alcohol-defined and other offences) (RQ1). Chi-square (χ²) tests were used to examine the null hypothesis that the distributions of prevalence do not vary by crime type (RQ1). The average (mean) length of community sentences was compared between those who received alcohol related treatment and abstinence requirements against those who did not using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Descriptive statistics and chi square as well as Wilcoxon rank sum tests were also used to examine the characteristics of those receiving alcohol treatment and abstinence orders and any differences in terms of age, gender, deprivation, and ethnicity (RQ2).

Research questions 1-2 were further examined using logistic regression modelling[28], to obtain comparative estimates, having corrected for any difference in the offence type and the characteristics of the offender. This modelling allowed for an assessment of the net effect of receiving an alcohol treatment and/or abstinence orders whilst holding other demographic and case relevant factors, such as offence type, constant (e.g. RQ 2).

The rate and frequency of reoffending (RQ3) were initially examined using descriptive statistics and chi square as well as Wilcoxon rank sum tests to assist with insights into RQs 3-5. Regression modelling also highlighted the case and offending characteristics associated with higher probabilities of compliance and reoffending and negative binominal regression modelling the frequency of reoffending and duration (in days) until any reoffence. The type of regression model was informed by the type of outcome variable and their distributions. As well as deploying logistic regression for binary outcomes of successful completion and reoffending, count variables relating to the number of court reappearances were modelled using negative binomial regression as were durations (in days) to any reoffence.[29]

Negative binomial regression using the glm.nb function from the mass R package (Venables and Ripley, 2002).

Event history analysis (EHA), otherwise known as survival or time-to-event analysis, also permitted a more refined examination of the time elapsed from receiving an AAMR or ATR to successful completion or any potential representation before the court for those on alcohol treatment or abstinence orders (compared to those who did not receive such orders) to assist in answering RQ6. This method specifically enabled the inherent right-censoring in the data to be accounted for. Right-censored data occur when the event of interest has not occurred for some individuals during the observation period, and it is represented by missing or incomplete survival times.

The probation data relate to cases captured between 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2020 (based on the referral date), as such it is possible a requirement could have been given and the success/failure of this not yet been observed within the study window. For example, if an AAMR was given before the 120-day duration thereof could be fully observed to completion; that is, it was due to end after 31 December 2020. Similarly, the distribution of follow-up times in which to observe any reoffending may differ between ‘censored’ individuals and those with observed events. For example, if no further offending event is observed by end of the fixed study period, it may be the study period has simply not followed up an individual long enough to observe whether they have reoffended. Both scenarios are known as being ‘right-censored’.[30]

EHA is a statistical method which enables the modelling of the probability of a follow-up event (in this case, successful order completion, or reoffending) with different lengths of exposure between people. That is, it can effectively make use of time-to-event information where the time to the event varies among individuals (Clark et al., 2003; Kulaylat et al., 2023). In this instance, if people received their alcohol requirements at different times during the study period, they would have been subject to different lengths of exposure time until any potential successful completion thereof or subsequent offence. Survival analysis adjusts for potential bias introduced because of (right or left) censored data in modelling the probability an event occurring. EHA models were thus able to make use of both censored and uncensored data to obtain robust estimates of the hazard rates and model the probability of a follow-up event while accounting for the individuals who have not experienced the event yet (Clark et al., 2003). This provided insights into the risk and factors associated with the event occurrence.

Cox proportional hazards regression, is a common form of survival analysis, which models the hazard function as a function of covariates.[31] The hazard function represents the probability of an event (e.g. reoffending) occurring at a given time, given that the individual has survived up to that time (Clark et al., 2003; Kulaylat et al., 2023). The Hazard Ratio (HR) can be interpreted like odds ratios in logistic regression (it is the exponential form of the coefficients obtained in the Cox proportional hazard model). The hazard ratio compares the hazards occurring in one group in relation to the reference group (e.g., the experimental vs standard treatment). A value greater than 1 suggests a positive association with the event occurring and so is negatively associated with the length of survival (poorer prognosis of staying offence free in this instance). A value less than one suggests a reduced hazard and thus better prognosis, whilst a value of exactly 1 suggests no effect is observed.

This approach requires a survival object to be used in the modelling, which effectively combines a measure of whether an event was observed with the time elapsed until such an observation. In the case of modelling reoffending, duration was the difference in time (days) elapsed between the probation referral date and any further appearance before the magistrates’ court. Reoffending was a binary indicator of such having occurred to contrast against not having occurred. This was used alongside the duration in days elapsed for each observation as part of the survival object to be modelled as well as an indication of the case being right censored.

The survival package in R was used to perform survival analysis (Therneau, 2023).

Missing data was present in some variables. Incomplete observations were dropped from the analyses. That is, such observations were treated as missing completely at random (MCAR) and, owing to the large census of records from which these are drawn, (listwise) dropped from the analyses.

Outliers were examined and dealt with accordingly. For example, where age > 120.

Further detail of the pre-registered analytical strategy and statistical methods deployed can be accessed on the OSF Registries (Lightowlers 2023). And R syntax is available at: https://github.com/CarlyLL/Enforced-alcohol-abstinence.

Disclaimer

This work was produced using administrative data accessed through ONS Secure Research Service. The use of the data in this work does not imply the endorsement of the ONS Secure Research Service or data owners (e.g., HM Courts and Tribunals and the Ministry of Justice) in relation to the interpretation or analysis.

This work uses research datasets which may not exactly reproduce Accredited Official Statistics aggregates. Accredited Official Statistics follow consistent statistical conventions over time and cannot be compared to Data First linked datasets.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by ADR UK (Administrative Data Research UK), an Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) investment (part of UK Research and Innovation) [Grant number: ES/X003566/1]. The author is also grateful to Professor Ian Brunton-Smith for advice offered throughout this fellowship, and to the Ministry of Justice and probation representatives who offered me guidance on of policy, the administrative data and their analysis. I would also like to thank Professor Tim McSweeney and Dr Laura Bainbridge for their support and encouragement whilst I was developing this project application.

[1] A common metric of intervention effectiveness is reoffending and one way of measuring this is by reconviction (Merrington and Stanley, 2007). Here reconviction is operationalised by reappearance before the court.

[2] Further detail of the pre-registered analytical strategy and statistical methods deployed can be accessed here (Lightowlers, 2023).

[3] Some data cleaning and preparation was required ahead of analysis. This included tending to age outliers (>118 years, n=17). These were recoded as missing as were assumed to be implausible ages; leaving a range of 18-118 years (mean=32.56, SD=10.67).

[4] Information on license and post-sentence supervision as well as pre-sentence report detail are also available but not deployed in this study.

[5] The original data offers a person identifier (offender_id) that allows the same person to be identified across cases, however duplicates are often created at the data input stage. The estimated_offender_id has been assigned by Data First using a statistical model and the open source Splink software. This allows data users to see which individuals have interacted with the probation service on multiple occasions. Identifiable personal information used to derive estimated_offender_id is not shared and hashes are created for other IDs that appear outside of this dataset.

Given the limitations of the personal identifying information in source data it is sometimes not possible to know with certainty whether two similar records relate to the same person. Users should also be aware that the quality, consistency and uniqueness of source data about individuals affect data linking accuracy.

[6] This was achieved by joining (inner_join) the requirements file by the event_id_hash variable.

[7] Further detail of pre-sentence court reports, license conditions and post sentence supervision requirements were also available in separate data files but were not required for this project.

[8] See further detail on preparing the probation data by linking the probation flat file and requirements datasets in Lightowlers 2024a.

[9] Accompanying R code can be found here https://github.com/CarlyLL/Enforced-alcohol-abstinence

[10] See https://www.gov.uk/guidance/ministry-of-justice-data-first

[11] The linking file provides a unique person ID (as opposed to case ID) which serves as a statistical estimate of which defendants are the same person in both datasets.

[12] Although linking across cases within individuals (identification of records related to the same case and individual) has been made possible using the existing Splink methodology across the magistrates’ and Crown Court datasets a similar link has not been generated for linking cases across probation and criminal court data (see https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1056236/data-first-user-guide-version-7.0.pdf).

[13] This could deploy a fuzzy matching process whereby the absolute difference between these dates was no more than given number of days. However, this would reduce confidence in the quality of the matches yielded.

[14] Events in each dataset which were thought to be associated with the same person.

[15] Matching on offence types was not attempted as it was thought to prove unreliable and result in further loss of genuine matches, noting the earlier outlined lack of correspondence in offence classifications/categories across the court and probation datasets (Lightowlers 2024b).

[16] Accompanying R code can be found here https://github.com/CarlyLL/Enforced-alcohol-abstinence

[17] The substantive outcome of interest is whether/how long after referral to probation before they come back before the courts again for a subsequent offence. As in each case someone could reappear before the courts for historic offences, it makes sense to remove these to align with window of data collection within the magistrates’ courts, e.g. from 1st January 2011, and remove cases with invalid (e.g. 0010-04-21 and 5010-05-16) or historical offence dates outside of the study window of data collection.

[18] This comprised two categories within the termination reason variable to include those identified as “Requirement Completed” or “Expired (Normal)” as the latter is used as a positive termination reason, i.e., when the person got to the end of that requirement successfully.

[19] N.B. “A defendant who has entered the criminal courts on more than one occasion may be defined as a returning defendant. Any return to the court could be for a different offence type” (Jackson et al., 2022:7).

[20] Subsequent to starting on a community or suspended sentence order with probation for the current offence.

[21] Accompanying R code to derive these outcome measures can be found here https://github.com/CarlyLL/Enforced-alcohol-abstinence

[22] Where the +1 relates to those who do not fall into the earlier 18 groups and are listed as ‘Other Ethnic Group’ and the 18 groups comprise the 16 categories in the ONS 16+1 ethnicity code as well as two additional codes (Arab and Gypsy or Irish Traveller).

[23] Using seven distinct measures the 2019 Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) scores small geographies (LSOAs) according to their deprivation and are designated as National Statistics (Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, 2019). With each area having been allocated a score areas are then ranked according to their level of deprivation with 1 being the most deprived area. Deciles can then be calculated.

[24] Accompanying R code can be found here https://github.com/CarlyLL/Enforced-alcohol-abstinence

[25] This represents a voluminous but relatively low seriousness offence type from this list. In this study this category is thus used as the reference category from which to compare other offence types to aid with interpretation of effect sizes/regression coefficients.

[26] Accompanying R code can be found here https://github.com/CarlyLL/Enforced-alcohol-abstinence

[27] The 2022 HO classification lookup table is used as opposed to those issued in 2020 or 2021, as this results in fewer incidents classified as missing.

[28] This allows the probability of a binary outcome to estimated; namely, the probability of an event taking place.

[29] Such models allow for modelling of count variables where these are over-dispersed.

[30] Censored data have unknown values beyond a bound on either end of the study time series.

[31] In this instance covariates included sex, age, ethnicity, deprivation, offence type and whether the offence was alcohol-defined.

[i] [1] 00406 - Causing death by careless driving when under the influence of drink or drugs (MOT) [2] 00525 - Performing an aviation function or ancillary function when ability to carry out function is impaired because of drink or drugs [3]"00708 - Endangering life at sea: Drunkenness etc. on duty [4] 00713 - Master's, Pilot's or Seaman's ability to carry out duties being impaired because of drink or drugs [5] 06903 - Conveyance etc. of List B articles (alcohol, mobile telephones, cameras, sound recording devices (or constituent parts of the latter three items)) into or out of prison [6] 08205 - Triable either way offences under Alcoholic Liquor Duties Act 1979 - Selling/buying of liquor without approval from the Commissioner [7] 09412 - Enter aircraft when drunk / be drunk in aircraft [8] 09413 - Act as crew of aircraft when under influence of drink / drug impairing capacity [9] 09943 - Drunkenness in aircraft (including drugs) [10] 10448 - Fail to consent to being searched for alcohol/container for alcohol/tobacco/cigarette papers by CSO/CSV [11] 10608 - Drunken, violent, disorderly person etc; refuses or fails to leave premises when requested. (licensed betting office) - Betting Gaming and Lotteries Act 1963 S.10(2) (historic) [12] 11556 - Supplying firearm to person drunk or of unsound mind (Group I) [13] 11557 - Supplying firearm to person drunk or of unsound mind (Group II) [14] 11558 - Supplying firearm to person drunk or of unsound mind (Group III) [15] 13713 - Pedal cyclist driving under the influence of drink or drugs [16] 14001 - Being found drunk in a highway or other public place whether a building or not, or a licensed premises [17] 14005 - Drunk on a vehicle [18] 14006 - Drunk in, or when entering a designated sports event [19] 14011 - Alcohol consumption in designated public places [20] 14101 - Being guilty, while drunk, of disorderly behaviour [21] 14102 - Being drunk while in charge on any highway or other public place of any carriage, horse, cattle or steam engine [22] 14103 - Being drunk when in possession of any loaded firearms [23] 14104 - Refusing or failing when drunk to quit licensed premises when requested [24] 14105 - Refusing or failing when drunk to quit any premises or place licensed under Late Night Refreshment Houses Act 1969 [25] 4108 - Being intoxicated while driving a hackney carriage (Town Police Clauses Act 1847) [26] 14109 - Being drunk during employment as a driver of a hackney carriage or as a driver or conductor of a stage carriage in the Metropolitan Police District [27] 14110 - Being drunk etc. and persisting, after being refused admission on that account, in attempting to enter ship [28] 14111 - Being drunk on board a passenger ship and refusing to leave such a ship [29] 14112 - Being drunk in any highway or other public place or on licensed premises while having charge of a child under 7 years [30] 14201 - Permitting drunkenness or riotous conduct on the premises, or selling liquor to a drunken person [31] 14202 - Licence holder selling or supplying intoxicating liquor to a habitual drunkard within three years after conviction for habitual drunkenness [32] 14203 - Selling etc. intoxicating liquor to persons under 18 for consumption on the premises [33] 14204 - Worker on relevant premises selling or buying or allowing sale of or distributing alcohol to habitual drunk within 3 years of conviction [34] 14207 - Selling or supplying intoxicating liquor for consumption on or off the premises except during permitted hours [35] 14215 - Harbouring constable on premises, supplying drink to constable on duty, or bribing constable [36] 14219 - Person licensed to keep refreshment house allowing gaming therein suffering his premises to be the resort of prostitutes, thieves, drunken or disorderly persons or doing or permitting any act in contravention of his licence [37] 14223 - Selling etc. intoxicating liquor at any place not authorised by his licence [38] 14224 - Holder of \"off\" licence permitting purchaser of intoxicating liquor to consume it on or near the premises [39] 14225 - Holder of \"off\" licence evading terms of licence, taking intoxicating liquor from licensed premises for sale for profit elsewhere [40] 14229 - Having on licensed premises intoxicating liquor which he is not authorised by his licence to sell [41] 14233 - Delivering intoxicating liquor from a vehicle etc., without details being previously recorded in a day book, delivery book etc. [42] 14234 - Supplying intoxicating liquor on credit for consumption on the premises [43] 14235 - Supplying greater measure of intoxicating liquor than asked for (\"long pull\") in licensed premises [44] 14240 - Supplying intoxicating liquor except during permitted hours at party organised for gain [45] 14242 - Selling or supplying intoxicating liquor in licensed canteen at other than permitted hours [46] 14243 - Selling or supplying intoxicating liquor in licensed canteen for consumption outside canteen [47] 14244 - Licence holder or person working in licensed premises knowingly delivering intoxicating liquor to a person under 18 years for consumption off the premises [48] 14245 - Licence holder (on-licence) selling etc., intoxicating liquor to persons not permitted by the conditions of the licence [49] 14246 - Licence holder (Part IV licence) knowingly permitting intoxicating liquor to be consumed on the licensed premises by persons not permitted by the conditions of the licence [50] 14247 - Supplying intoxicating liquor from registered club to non-member for consumption off the premises [51] 14248 - Supplying member or guest with intoxicating liquor on behalf of registered club at premises not registered, except at a place used on a special occasion etc. [52] 14253 - Licensee allowing sale by a person under 18 of intoxicating liquor for consumption off the premises without specific approval of the licensee or an adult acting on his behalf [53] 14272 - Enforcement of closure order (premises used for the unlicensed sale of intoxicating liquor); obstruction of a constable [54] 14273 - Enforcement of closure order (premises used for the unlicensed sale of intoxicating liquor); obstruction of authorised person [55] 14274 - Enforcement of closure order (premises used for the unlicensed sale of intoxicating liquor); opening the premises without reasonable excuse, in contravention of closure order [56] 14275 - Enforcement of closure order (premises used for the unlicensed sale of intoxicating liquor); failure to comply with any other terms of closure order [57] 14292 - Responsible person allowing individual aged under 18 to sell or supply alcohol [58] 14301 - Selling intoxicating liquor without licence [59] 14302 - Unauthorised person having on his premises words or letters importing authority as licence holder to sell intoxicating liquor [60] 14303 - Without lawful purpose being found in a place where intoxicating liquor is seized by constable [61] 14305 - Supplying intoxicating liquor to member or guest at club premises not registered or not licensed [62] 14306 - Purchasing or obtaining intoxicating liquor at licensed premises or registered club within three years after conviction for habitual drunkenness [63] 14307 - In licensed premises procuring intoxicating liquor for a drunken person or aiding a drunken person to obtain drink [64] 14308 - Consuming in or taking from licensed premises any intoxicating liquor except during permitted hours [65] 14309 - Consuming intoxicating liquor in licensed premises on credit [66] 14310 - Within 3 years of conviction as habitual drunk buying or obtaining or attempting to buy or obtain alcohol on relevant premises [67] "14315 - Giving intoxicating liquor to child under 5 years [68] 14316 - Person under 18 buying or attempting to buy or consuming intoxicating liquor in licensed premises [69] 14317 - Purchasing or attempting to purchase intoxicating liquor for consumption by person under 18 in bar [70] 14318 - Officer of a registered club selling or supplying liquor to a habitual drunkard within three years after conviction for habitual drunkenness [71] 14319 - Obtaining intoxicating liquor in registered club in contravention of S.39(2) & (3) Licensing Act 1964 [72] 14321 - Consuming in or taking intoxicating liquor from a registered club, except during permitted hours [73] 14322 - Consuming intoxicating liquor bought on credit in licensed premises [74] 14323 - Consume or obtain intoxicating liquor at a designated sporting event when sale is unauthorised [75] 14324 - Officer of club knowing that intoxicating liquor is kept for supply during the period of a designated sporting event [76] 14333 - Consuming intoxicating liquor outside general licensing hours at a party organised for gain [77] 14337 - Consuming intoxicating liquor in licensed canteen outside permitted hours [78] 14338 - Taking intoxicating liquor from licensed canteen for consumption outside canteen [79] 14339 - Knowingly sending a person under 18 for purpose of obtaining intoxicating liquor [80] 14340 - Selling intoxicating liquor in confectionery to person under 16 [81] 14352 - Wholesaler selling intoxicating liquor to a person under 18 [82] 14353 - Wholesaler allowing a person under 18 to sell intoxicating liquor without the specific approval of the wholesaler or an adult acting on his behalf [83] 14354 - Person under 18 buying or attempting to buy intoxicating liquor from wholesale premises [84] 14359 - Under 18 year-old possessing alcohol in a relevant place on three or more occasions within twelve consecutive months [85] 14360 - Permit carriage of intoxicating liquor on vehicle (Sporting Event (Control of Alcohol etc) Act 1985) [86] 14361 - Being in possession of intoxicating liquor on vehicle [87] 14362 - Being in possession of intoxicating liquor in, or when entering, a sports event [88] 14363 - Failure to surrender intoxicating liquor and/or to give name and address [89] 14372 - Exposing alcohol for unauthorised sale [90] 14373 - Keeping alcohol on premises for unauthorised sale [91] 14374 - Sale of alcohol to a person who is drunk [92] 14375 - Obtaining alcohol for a person who is drunk [93] 14378 - Allowing unaccompanied child (aged under 16) to be on certain premises when they are open for supply of alcohol for consumption there [94] 14379 - Sale of alcohol to person under 18 [95] 14380 - Allowing sale of alcohol to person under 18 [96] 14382 - Purchase of alcohol by an individual under 18 [97] "14383 - Buying or attempting to buy alcohol on behalf of an individual under 18 [98] 14384 - Individual aged under 18 knowingly consuming alcohol [99] 14385 - Knowingly allowing consumption of alcohol by individual aged under 18 [100] 14386 - Person knowingly delivering to a person aged under 18 alcohol sold or supplied on premises [101] 14387 - Sending a person under aged 18 to obtain alcohol [102] 14388 - Selling by retail alcohol on, or from, a vehicle at a time when vehicle is not permanently or temporarily parked [103] 14389 - Selling or attempting or allowing the sale of alcohol in contravention of an order prohibiting the sale of alcohol on trains [104] 14396 - Breach of drinking banning order or interim drinking banning order [105] 14398 - Selling alcohol to a child on two or more different occasions [106] 15042 - Fishing vessel owner fails to provide suitable accommodation, required food or drinking water (Merchant Shipping (Work in Fishing Convention) Regulations 2018) [107] 16203 - Offences which relate to disorderly behaviour (except offences included under specific heads such as drunkenness) Town Police Clauses Act 1847 [108] 16403 - Offences under Town Police Clauses Act 1847 (except offences involving disorderly behaviour or those included under specific heads such as Dogs, Highways, Drunkenness etc) [109] 16410 - Offences against byelaws made under Local Government Act 1972 and Municipal Corporation Act 1882 and against regulations made under the Police, Factories, etc. (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1916 (except those relating to allowing chimneys to be on fire, disorderly behaviour or playing in the street or those included under specific heads such as Dogs, Highways, Drunkenness etc) [110] 16411 - Offences under Metropolitan Police Acts, Metropolitan Street Acts, Environmental Protection Act 1990 and Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984 (except those relating to allowing chimneys to be on fire, disorderly behaviour or playing in the street or those included under specific heads such as Dogs, Highways, Drunkenness etc) [111] 17201 - Offences involving the possession, transport, display or sale of liquor from an unstamped retail container (Alcoholic Liquor Duties Act 1979) [112] 17301 - Offences under the London Hackney Carriages Act 1843 (except the offence of drunkenness under S.28) [113] 19344 - Supply of intoxicating substances [114] 19444 - Bringing or attempting to bring in alcohol or placing alcohol anywhere outside a detention centre or allowing alcohol to be sold or used in the centre [115] 80301 - Driving or attempting to drive a motor vehicle whilst unfit through drink or drugs (impairment) [116] 80302 - Driving or attempting to drive a motor vehicle while having a breath, urine or blood alcohol concentration in excess of the prescribed limit [117] 80304 - Being in charge of a motor vehicle while unfit through drink or drugs (impairment) [118] 80305 - Being in charge of a motor vehicle while having a breath, urine or blood alcohol concentration in excess of the prescribed limit [119] 80309 - Driving or attempting to drive a motor vehicle whilst unfit through drink or drugs (impairment) – drink [120] 80310 - Driving or attempting to drive a motor vehicle whilst unfit through drink or drugs (impairment) – drugs [121] 80311 - Being in charge of a mechanically propelled vehicle whilst unfit to drive through drink or drugs (impairment) – drink [122] 80312 - Being in charge of a mechanically propelled vehicle whilst unfit to drive through drink or drugs (impairment – drugs [123] 82510 - Interference etc. with alcohol ignition lock"

[ii] [1] "Abandoning children under two years"

[2] "Abduction"

[3] "Abduction of child by parent"

[4] "Absconding from lawful custody"

[5] "Abstracting electricity"

[6] "Abuse of child through prostitution & pornography"

[7] "Abuse of children through prostitution and pornography"

[8] "Abuse of Trust - Sexual Offences"

[9] "Accident offences"

[10] "Adulteration of food or drugs (Food Safety Act 1990)"

[11] "Adulteration of food, drugs etc (Summary)"

[12] "Aggravated Assaults"

[13] "Aggravated burglary in a building other than a dwelling (including attempts)"

[14] "Aggravated burglary in a dwelling (including attempts)"

[15] "Aggravated taking of a vehicle"

[16] "Aggravated vehicle taking criminal damage of £5,000 or under (Category)"

[17] "Aiding and abetting offences by prostitutes"

[18] "Aiding suicide"

[19] "Air Force - offences associated with"

[20] "Allowing a chimney to be on fire"

[21] "Army - offences associated with"

[22] "Arson"

[23] "Assault on Police Officer"

[24] "Assaults on Emergancy Workers"

[25] "Attempted Murder"

[26] "Bankruptcy and insolvency"

[27] "Begging"

[28] "Betting, Gaming and Lotteries (Indictable)"

[29] "Betting, Gaming and Lotteries (Summary)"

[30] "Bigamy"

[31] "Blackmail"

[32] "Breach of a Supervision Order"

[33] "Buggery and attempted buggery"

[34] "Burglary in a dwelling"

[35] "Burglary other than in a dwelling"

[36] "Careless driving"

[37] "Child abduction"

[38] "Common and other types of assault"

[39] "Concealment of birth"

[40] "Coronavirus Related Offences"

[41] "Court Martial"

[42] "Criminal Damage (£5000 or less) and Malicious Damage"

[43] "Criminal damage endangering life (excluding arson)"

[44] "Criminal evidence offences"

[45] "Cruelty to animals"

[46] "Cruelty to or neglect of children - Indictable (Category)"

[47] "Cruelty to or neglect of children (Summary)"

[48] "Dangerous driving/Aid, abet cause or permit reckless driving"

[49] "Day poaching"

[50] "Disclosure, obstruction, false or misleading statements etc."

[51] "Diseases of Animals Acts"

[52] "Disorderly behaviour"

[53] "Driving etc after consuming alcohol or taking drugs"

[54] "Driving Licence Related Offences"

[55] "Drunkenness, simple"

[56] "Drunkenness, with aggravation"

[57] "Education Acts"

[58] "Endangering life at sea"

[59] "Endangering railway passengers"

[60] "Entering with intent to commit felony"

[61] "Exploitation of Prostitutes"

[62] "Explosives Acts"

[63] "Fail to give info relating to the ID of driver"

[64] "False accounting (Category)"

[65] "Familial sexual offences (incest)"

[66] "Financial (Category)"

[67] "Firearms Act 1968 and other Firearms Act"

[68] "Firearms offences"

[69] "Fishery Laws"

[70] "Forgery etc of prescription"

[71] "Found on enclosed premises possessing picklocks etc"

[72] "Fraud and forgery associated with vehicle or driver records"

[73] "Frauds by company directors"

[74] "Going equipped for stealing etc"

[75] "Gross Indecency with Children"

[76] "Handling stolen goods"

[77] "Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974"

[78] "Highways Acts - Nuisances, other than those caused by vehicles"

[79] "Highways Acts - Obstructions other than those caused by vehicles"

[80] "Highways Acts - Other offences, other than those caused by vehicles"

[81] "Immigration Act (Indictable)"

[82] "Immigration Act (Summary)"

[83] "Indecency between males"

[84] "Indecent exposure with intent to insult any female"

[85] "Interference with a motor vehicle"

[86] "Intimidation (Labour Laws)"

[87] "Keeping a brothel (Category)"

[88] "Kidnapping (Category)"

[89] "Knives Act 1997"

[90] "Malicious wounding and other like offences (misdemeanours)"

[91] "Malisous Wounding & other like offences (misdemeanours)"

[92] "Manslaughter (Category)"

[93] "Merchant Shipping Acts"

[94] "Miscellaneous motoring offences (including trailer offences)"

[95] "Miscellaneous Other Offences"

[96] "Miscellaneous Sexual Offences (Category)"

[97] "Misuse of Drugs (CJ (International Co-operation) Act 1990"

[98] "Misuse of Drugs (Custom and Excise/Misuse of Drugs Acts)"

[99] "Money Laundering Offences (not drugs)"

[100] "Motorway offence (other than speeding)"

[101] "Murder"

[102] "Neglect of traffic directions"

[103] "Night poaching"

[104] "No Offence"

[105] "Noise offences"

[106] "Obscene publications etc and protected sexual material"

[107] "Obstruction or failure to comply with authorised officer"

[108] "Obstruction, waiting and parking offences"

[109] "Obtaining goods by false pretences"

[110] "Offence by licenced person etc (Licensing Acts"

[111] "Offences against laws relating to Customs, Excise and Inland Revenue"

[112] "Offences against Public Order (Summary)"

[113] "Offences against the Social Security Administration Act"

[114] "Offences by prostitutes"

[115] "Offences connected with pedal cycles"

[116] "Offences in relation to dogs"

[117] "Offences in relation to juvenile smoking"

[118] "Offences in relation to misuse of drugs"

[119] "Offences in relation to misuse of drugs and Anti Social Behaviour"

[120] "Offences in relation to Sunday Trading"

[121] "Offences involving impersonation, making false statements etc."

[122] "Offences peculiar to motor cycles"

[123] "Offences relating to bail (Category)"

[124] "Offences relating to DM & Anti Social Behaviour"

[125] "Operators licence offences"

[126] "Other Breach, Recall and Arrest Offences"

[127] "Other Criminal damage"

[128] "Other forgery etc"

[129] "Other frauds (Category)"

[130] "Other indictable offences"

[131] "Other indictable offences (Category)"

[132] "Other offence (non-indictable)"

[133] "Other offences (against the State and Public Order) (Category)"

[134] "Other Offences (migrated data)"

[135] "Other Offences (non-indictable)"

[136] "Other offences against certain local regulations"

[137] "Other offences against Game Law"

[138] "Other offences against Intoxicating Liquor Laws"

[139] "Other offences against Revenue Laws"

[140] "Other offences against Vagrancy Acts"

[141] "Other Offences Migrated Dats"

[142] "Other summary offences (continued from 195)"

[143] "Other summary offences (excluding motoring)"

[144] "Other Theft"

[145] "Parks, commons and other open spaces"

[146] "Pedestrian and non-motor vehicular street offences"

[147] "Pedlars Acts"

[148] "Perjury (Category)"

[149] "Permitting premises to be used for unlawful (drug-related) purposes"

[150] "Perverting the course of justice (Category)"

[151] "Prison Act 1952 (amended by Offender Management Act 2007) (Category)"

[152] "Private security industry"

[153] "Prostitution - General"

[154] "Protection from Eviction Act 1977"

[155] "Public Health Offences (Indictable)"

[156] "Public Health Offences (Summary)"

[157] "Railway offences"

[158] "Rape"

[159] "Robbery and assaults with intent to rob"

[160] "Send comms/article of indecent/offensive nature"

[161] "Sexual activity (male and female) - including with a child under 13"

[162] "Sexual activity (male and female) - including with a child under 16"

[163] "Sexual activity with a person with a mental disorder"

[164] "Sexual assault on a female"

[165] "Sexual assault on a male"

[166] "Sexual Offences - Miscellaneous (Category)"

[167] "Shops Act"

[168] "Social Security offences"

[169] "Soliciting by a man"

[170] "Speed limit offences"

[171] "Stage carriage and Public Service Vehicle offences"

[172] "Stealing by an employee"

[173] "Stealing from automatic machines and meters"

[174] "Stealing from shops and stalls (shoplifting)"

[175] "Stealing from the person of another"

[176] "Stealing from vehicles (Category)"

[177] "Stealing in a dwelling other than from automatic machines and meters"

[178] "Stealing mail bags or postal packets or unlawfully taking away or opening mail bag"

[179] "Stealing pedal cycles"

[180] "Theft of motor vehicle (Category)"

[181] "Threat and possession with intent to commit criminal damage"

[182] "Threat and possession with intent to commit criminal damage (00900)"

[183] "Threats, conspiracy, or incitement to murder"

[184] "Town and Country Planning Act 1990/Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990/Planning (Hazardous Substances Act)"

[185] "Trade Descriptions Act 1968 and similar offences"

[186] "Trafficking For Sexual Exploitation"

[187] "Treason felony"

[188] "Unauthorised taking of vehicles"

[189] "Unlawful disclosure of information"

[190] "Unlawful possession"

[191] "Vehicle insurance offences"

[192] "Vehicle registration and excise licence offences"

[193] "Vehicle test offences"

[194] "Vehicle, or part, in dangerous or defective condition"

[195] "Video Recordings Act 1984"

[196] "Violent disorder"

[197] "Wild Birds Protection Acts"

[198] "Wireless Telegraphy Acts"

[199] "Work record or employment offences"

[200] "Wounding and other acts endangering life"

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